Algorithm

History Of Algorithm

Nowadays every person uses the word “Algorithm” as a matter of course, but for the most the exact definition is a mystery. The intention of this site is to get into the secrets of this mystery and become acquainted with the culprits of this nomenclature. The focus is not on the state of the art implementation of specific algorithms but on interesting stories and the involved individuals. Beside the history of the name we will point out the methodological aspects of algorithmic work and the different programming techniques. In our investigation we will try to summarize and to give an impression of the historical dimension of algorithms. The Babylonian-Sumer-Method of extracting a root, one of the first documented examples of mathematical algorithms, and names like “Euklid” or “al-Khwarizmi” will not be secrets any more. Algorithm related in mathematics and computing.It is an finite sequence of instruction, an explicit, step-by-step procedure for solving problem, often used for calculation and data processing.It is an effective method in which a list of well-defined instruction for completing a task, or problems solution. A partial formalization of the concept began with attempts to solve the Entscheidungsproblem (the "decision problem") posed by David Hilbert in 1928. Subsequent formalizations were framed as attempts to define "effective calculability (Kleene 1943:274) or "effective method" (Rosser 1939:225); those formalizations included the Gödel-Herbrand-Kleene recursive functions of 1930, 1934 and 1935, Alonzo church's lambda calculuus of 1936,Emil Post's ""Formulation 1" of 1936, and Alan Turing's Turing MAchines of 1936–7 and 1939.

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Referens:
-History of Algorithm,http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=193
-Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm

The types of Computer

Mainframe

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Mainframe:-often referred as big iron, are computers used mainly by large
organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing.The term come
originated from the early mainframes, as they were huge, room-sized metal boxes.Later the term was used as high performance commercial machines.First mainframes introduced in 1965 by IBM.(IBM System z10 is the latest incarnation).Otherwise, large systems that are not based on the System/360 but are used for similar tasks are usually referred to as server or even supercomputer. However, "server", "supercomputer" and "mainframe" are not synonymous.

Minicomputers (Mid-Sized)

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A minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a class of multi-user computers that lies in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). The contemporary term for this class of system is midrange computer, such as the higher-end SPARC, POWER and Itanium-based systems from Sun Microsystems, IBM and Hewlett-Packard.

Microcomputers (Personal Computers)

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Microcomputers are the most common type of computers in existence today, whether at work in school or on the desk at home. The term "microcomputer" was introduced with the advent of single chip microprocessor. The term "microcomputer" itself, is now practically an anachronism.

These computers include desktop computers, laptop and notebooks, tablet PC, Palmtop computers, Personal digital assistants (PDA)and programable calculator.

Referens:Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_computers#Minicomputers_.28Midrange_computers.29

The History Of Computer

MARK 1

http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/mark1.jpg

MARK 1 is one of the early computer.It created in 1940s.MARK 1 also known as the IBM Automatic Sequences Controlled Calculator or ASCC.Each custom built for a particular purpose.After that,MARK II machines built by howard Aiken at Harvard University.It typically built using electromagnetic relays as the switching elements.But this relay made them very slow.To solve this problem,they replaced electromagnetic relays to vacuum tubes for switching-more faster.

EDVAC

http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu/physicalocean/Tomczak/science+society/lectures/illustrations/lecture32/edvac1.jpg

In 1945,first operational stored-program was built.It used EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) built by Maurices Wilkes who worked on EDVAC.Original EDVAC design was never built (it was eventually modified and built as Princeton's Institute for advanced Studies.(IAS machine)

ENIAC

http://occonline.occ.cccd.edu/online/tmurphy/eniac.jpg

ENIAC,one of the first electronic computers built in 1946 using vacuum tube technology.This computer built by John Maucly and J.Presper Echert at the Pennylsvania for the U.S Army Odnance Department's Ballistic Research Laboratories.U.S army used it to calculate bomb trajectories and later to help develop the hydrogen bomb.ENIAC was not a stored-program machines.This computer so heavy;about 30 tons.By using 18000 vacuum tubes and size 30 times 50,it was not a big deal to used.When it was first times operated,light dim to an entire section of Pennysvania because it needs 160 kilowatts to run.

THE TRANSISTOR & MICROPROCESSOR

http://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans2.gif

1947 was a new era for computers.William Shockey,John Bardeen and Walter invent the transfer resistance device,called transistor.It has revolutionite computers,proving much more reliable then vacuum tubes.

UNIVAC

http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/images/1951_univac_large.jpg

UNIVAC was introduced by Ramington Rand in 1951.In that time,this computer was the first commersial available camputer,produced by Rand Corporation.It prototype based on the stored-program designs of the EDVAC and EDSAC,known as UNIVAC 1.(Universal Automatic Computer).First of the 46 of these machines were delivered to the U.S Census Bureau in 1951.

The following year,another UNIVAC found the spotlight as it was used to predict the outcome of Eisenhower-Stevenson presidential race on election light.With only 7% of the vote counted,the machine projected as win for Eisenhower with 438 electoral votes.

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